Essay writing service cheap: 2020

Tuesday, September 15, 2020

Essay Writer Australia

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Essay Writer Australia

Friday, September 11, 2020

The Exact 10 Steps You Need To Learn How To Become A Writer

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Aussie Essay Writer

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Friday, August 28, 2020

Ninjaessays

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Easy Guide To Writing A Killer 250 Word Essay

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Easy Guide To Writing A Killer 250 Word Essay

Tuesday, June 2, 2020

Delivery of UK Public Services Essay - 1375 Words

Merit of Less Than Optimal Market Solutions for the Delivery of UK Public Services (Essay Sample) Content: Merit of less than optimal market solutions for the delivery of UK public servicesStudentÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name:InstructorÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name:Class Name and Code:University:Date of Submission:Merit of less than optimal market solutions for the delivery of UK public servicesThe public sector has been involved in provision of various services in the UK. Some of these include education, health, banking, media, security and entertainment. Initially, the sector enjoyed monopoly due to lack of organizations providing the same services as well as reduced interactions between various government levels and jurisdictions (Hodges Mellett 2003, pp 12-16). As a result, the sector compromised on the quality of services provided. Availability of the service became scarce, with the prices of products being determined by the government. There arose in equitability of the services. Eventually, other service providers entered the market. The new entrants came up with ways in which they would capture customers so as to cater for operating costs as well as make a profit. This facilitated efficiency in service provision. They would have to come up with strategies to increase the number of people using their services by exploiting opportunities the public sector had not been exploiting. The monopoly, therefore, was replaced by other markets. The market is now characterized by free entry of service providers and customers. Moreover, perfect knowledge of the market has been enhanced for both the customers and service providers. However, perfect market has not been achieved due to some organizations having added advantages over others. The public sector could be considered at an advantage due to the availability of resources from the government, and having the government making laws that govern the operation of the entire system. As a result, it could come up with laws that would favor the public sector (Prowle 2000, pp 43-48).There are solutions dedicated towards solving the conditions presented by not attaining a perfect market. It is difficult for full achievement of this market. However, partial solutions could be sought, which would not be considered as optimal market solutions. Flynn (2012, pp 196) suggests that these less than optimal solutions are better than having no markets at all. There are various advantages that are associated with these solutions for the delivery of UK public services. The delivery of services could be categorized into privatization, where governments contract private investors to deliver services, and inter-municipal, where local governments contract each other to create a public market and gain scale in delivery of services (Waring Bishop 2012, pp 172-178). The question arises in what ways the less than optimal market solutions have been of benefit to the UK services.One of the merits could be explained in the public choice theory. It suggests that competition promotes market discipline to delivery of public service an d concurrently preserving benefits of communal sector engagement. Economies of scale could occur under contracting. However, citizen voice and cross-jurisdictional equity could not be enhanced. The merit provides that since several organizations would be ready to offer the services, there needs to be appropriate provision of these in order to maintain loyalty form customers as well as city managers. This would ensure continuity in the association. Competition leads to organizations seeking for competitive advantage. This is the feature that will make them be attractive to customers. It would include reduction of cost of production in order to have the prices of services lowered, availability such that the services are availed to customers, customization so that customers get services according to individual tastes and preferences, advertising to create awareness and establishing a brand that they would be identified with (Bishop 2003, pp 140-142).Calder (2008, pp314-315) describes e fficiency as another merit that could be closely linked to benefits arising from competition. Lack of competition, as stated earlier, had led the public sector to be reluctant on providing quality customer services. Eventually, this has been changed, with providers working competently to enhance repeated provision. Efficiency leads to reduced costs of services. Some governments could be competent in an area while poor in provision of others. This could be due to availability of a certain resource that another jurisdiction has not been able to attain. Contracting enables the best service providing organization access another area of jurisdiction to administer the quality service in which it has expertise. Therefore, services are enhanced in their satisfaction to customers due to these less than optimal solutions.Utility is another concept that is promoted. Some resources could be left unutilized if they are only directed towards satisfaction of needs in a certain small area. Contract ing could allow the organization offer the services across a larger scope, and hence the resource is utilized better. For instance, a playfield could not be used for some days in a week. The markets provide that other functions from other jurisdictions could be done there. A fee would absolutely be charged. As a result, the hosting organization would benefit from revenue while others would benefit from accessing the facility they have not really acquired to themselves. The local government in London has been recognized as the most effectual local governments in the UK. This is due to its strategic recognition of the services that are most needed in the city at various times, and implement strategies to provide for others when need be. This has seen it exploiting several opportunities presented by the city, and maximize revenue as it reduces costs. This is due to utilizing resources when and where they are most needed.Services are better provided at subsidized cost due to implementat ion of these less than optimal solutions. Some services in the public sector could be outsourced during times of emergencies and events. Fire outbreaks could be considered as one of the emergencies that would require collaboration of several service providers in order to extinguish it. Events, such as tournaments and Olympics, have had different jurisdictions and organizations involving in increasing some facilities for the short time these would take place. Some of the services that are collectively offered include transport, sanitary and accommodation services. Sometimes combining forces between organizations could be necessary to satisfy all the customers (Economics No 2010, pp 1-9). Demand could sometimes rise temporarily. Governments would not have enough time and resources to satisfy this demand. Moreover, if it acquired resources to meet this temporary demand, these resources could either be disposed immediately after the events are over, or they could remain unutilized. Thi s would not be cost effective to the governments. As a result, outsourcing where several providers combine the resources they have acquired over time and utilize them appropriately. The attractiveness of the UK in terms of political stability, financial position, strategic position and developed infrastructure allows for various conferences and sports to be held in the country. London, among other cities, acts as a host to these functions. This has been observed during international events in the UK where Olympics and World Cups are regularly held. Other governments could come in to assist accommodate thousands of visitors who come to the cities from all parts worldwide (Buckley Pearce 1991, pp 29-36).Equity is another theory that has been suggested to be one of the requirements in efficient public service provision. It encompasses excellent quality as well as availability of these services at all times. The provision requires a lot of resources to accomplish (Jost et al. 2005, pp 336-350). The resources are in terms of time, capital, equipment, and land. A single government could be unable to provide for all this at the required standards at all levels. As a result, the resources could be shared. There would be appropriate distribution as a result of this collaboration and markets that have led to equitability in distribution. In addition to equity being provided for, the solutions lead to customers having a variety to choose from. The organizations have differentiation. Each is recognized in providing a certain service in a specific way. For instance, one local government could be offering transport services using taxis while another uses buses. Although each of these ways provides solutions for transport problems, the varying ways could satisfy different tastes. A person could be interested in privacy and hence use a cab while another would not mind the interactions and hence prefer buses. This caters for various classes. However, the provision of this var iety could not be arrived at if there are no solutions dedicated to promote markets in the public sector (Wright 2004, pp 254-259).The less than optimal solutions have helped in improvement of services through application of the budget theory that promotes appropriate use of funds. Reduction in cost of provision of these services could be considered to lower as a result of the market introduced in the UK. There are selected those organizations that offer services at reduced costs (Hildreth Khan 2002, pp 121-129). Customers would require subsidized costs for services. Gateshead is one of the regions that have had reduced costs of services due to these less than optimal solutions. The cost of gabbage collection has reduced (Agasisti et al. 2008, pp 1). There is need for both the governments and people to save. As a result, they would try to decrease the expenses they incur regularly and replace this with considerably lower prices. There are a...

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Commentary on Woman on the Edge of Time by Marge Piercy

A New World Is Possible Every generation has had a sub-culture within it that has suffered from feeling alienated by the cultural status quos. From the beat generation of the late 40s, the counter-culture of the 60s, to the Occupy Wall Street movement of today, the challenging of ideas, ethics and traditions has always been relevant. Many writers and novels have been popularized for exploring utopian ideas (such as Aldous HuxleyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s The Island) and dystopian possibilities (as in George OrwellÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s 1984), but there hasnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t been a novel that explores both of these ideas in a parallel manner quite like Marge PiercyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Woman on the Edge of Time. Using the concept of time travel, Piercy is able to place both worlds side by side creating a Ã¢â‚¬Å"grass isÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Slightly before ConnieÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s admission, she meets Luciente in what she thinks is a dream, but later finds out she has befriended someone from the future. Luciente begins taking Connie to her home Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the seemingly utopian community of Mattapoisett in the distant future of 2137. To Connie, Mattapoisett seems like heaven simply because it is the complete opposite of her present-day home back in New York Ã¢â‚¬â€œ gender and their roles have been eliminated, childbearing now takes place in laboratories, and many other social problems (such as poverty and inequalities) that plague Connie have been fixed in some way. While technology seems much more advanced in the future, it also appears somewhat nonexistent. The people of Mattapoisett focus on expending their energy on things theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ve decided to be essential for basic survival. Connie exclaims of the future, Ã¢â‚¬Å"ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s not like I imagined.Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Most buildings were small and randomly scattered among trees and shrubbery and gardens, put together of scavenged old wood, old bricks and stones and cement blocksÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ She saw bicycles and people on foot. Clothes were hanging on lines near a long building Ã¢â‚¬ â€œ shirts flapping on wash lines!Ã¢â‚¬ (Piercy, 60-61) Piercy also puts emphasis on the names of the characters that make up Mattapoisett. Names like Luciente and Orion help give Mattapoisett a heavenly or cosmic tone, and even the narrator describes Luciente in this way Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Ã¢â‚¬Å"Me llamo Luciente: shining, brilliant, full of light.Ã¢â‚¬ (Piercy, 28) While

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Toni Morrison and Beloved Essay - 2616 Words

Toni Morrison was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Beloved, a novel whose popularity and worth earned her the Nobel Prize in literature the first ever awarded to a black female author. Born in the small town of Larain, Ohio, in 1931, to George and Ramah Willis Wofford, Morrisons birth name is Chloe Anthony Wofford (Gates and Appiah ix). Morrison describes the actions of her central character in Beloved, as: the ultimate love of a mother; the outrageous claim of a slave. In this statement we find an expression of the general themes of Morrisons mainly naturalistic works. One of these is the burden of the past or history (i.e. slavery and being black in a predominantly white controlled society). Another is theÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦However, Morrison would grow past the pain and torment of an oppressive and racist society through the cultivation of her self through love and endurance. Like the father in August Wilsons Fences, her father grew to hate because he was only subjected to hate in the environment around him. Sethe, the main character in Beloved, will also undergo a journey of exorcising hatred and violence from her soul in order to find love with Paul D. Morrisons maternal influence also affected her development and work. From the women in her life Morrison learned authority of the self, one she says she felt in her mothers, grandmothers and great-grandmothers relationships more than she does in her own: The word Comrade comes to mind in regard to the marriages I knew. I didnt find imbalance or unevenness in these relationships. I dont think that my mothers talents were hidden from males or white society, actually-they were very much on display. So I dont feel a tension there, or the struggle for dominance. The same was true for my grandparents-my mothers parents-whom I knew. I remember my great-grandmother, too. Her husband died before I was born, but I remember that when my great-grandmother walked into a room her grandsons and her nephews stood up...Yes I feel the authority of those women more than I do my own. (Gates etShow MoreRelatedBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesreading Toni MorrisonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s novel Beloved, I could not help but feel shocked and taken aback by the detailed picture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about the life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison leftRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesthese hardships to light and shed insight on the pain and suffering of slaves, narratives such as, Incidents in The Life Of A Slave Girl..by Harriet Jacobs,The narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Novels such as Beloved by Toni Morrison blend the slave narratives with fiction highlight the life after slavery and the struggle faced by former slaves to adjust their lives to freedom. According to Paul E. LovejoyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬ËœFreedom NarrativesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ of Transatlantic Slavery, he states thatRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison1571 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesIn the novel, Beloved, written by Toni Morrison, many themes and symbols played a crucial role when analyzing a variety of different characters. One specific theme that has had an everlasting effect between characters and relationships throughout the novel is the transformation of the theme thick love. The idea of love in Toni Morrison s Beloved is a complicated subject to understand. If love wasn t hard enough to figure out, it is made more complex through the evils of slavery during this timeRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison2137 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesToni Morrison explores the idea of slavery through her novel, Beloved, by using a variety of literary techniques and postmodern concepts. The idea of the rememory is a major theme throughout the novel that Toni Morrison uses to introduce the lives of Denver and Seth e and the idea of slavery. Rememory is the act of remembering a memory that happened in the past. Beloved, depicted as a ghost, exemplifies the idea of rememory for Sethe because she brings back many memories to SetheÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mind. ThroughoutRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison622 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 3 Pages In the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison, Morrison has created two very powerful characters: Denver and Beloved. Denver and Beloved are sisters, but in a sense, they werent always. It used to just be Denver and her mother, Sethe, that lived together in a house. That house was passed down to them by Denvers grandmother, Baby Suggs, which was given to her by a white couple who were out to help the blacks. Sethe and Denver were very content with the way things were. Sethe had a paying job as a cookRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison2097 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 Pages Ã¢â‚¬Å"BelovedÃ¢â‚¬ by Toni Morrison is a historical/fictional novel that deals with the idea of the supernatural and the repercussions of slavery towards a society and the individual persona. The novel explores the wreckage slavery brings upon its characters in all senses of the self. They have been freed from slavery but the psychological trauma endured remains constant; leading them to do the unthinkable. In the novel Morrison utilizes the character of Beloved to represent the ghost of slavery in anRead MoreBeloved, Beloved By Toni Morrison1774 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesIn Toni MorrisonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, Beloved, Beloved is an enigmatic character. Throughout the novel, it is implied that Beloved is a reincarnation of SetheÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dead child. However, Beloved is not just a physical embodiment of SetheÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dead baby. Instead, Beloved is a representation of slavery and the suffering associated with slavery. Morrison displays that Beloved is a representation of slavery by the conv ersations and thoughts characters have about Beloved. Morrison also displays Beloved as a representationRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages Distinguished African-American novelist, Toni Morrison, in her notoriously suspenseful anachronic masterpiece, Beloved, tells the story of a fugitive slave named Sethe who escaped from the Sweet Home plantation in Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio, a free state. She lives freely with her husbandÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s grandmother for twenty-eight days until the slave masters come to capture her. Frightened, she attempts to murder all of her children to prevent them from living a life of dehumanized servitude but only succeedsRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison769 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 3 PagesBeloved is the character who lends her name to the title of MorrisonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, isnt really a flesh-and-blood character at all, sheÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s is a ghost. It is this fact that makes the presence of the character a symbol in terms of her effect on the narrative and the other characters so profound. For a ghost, Beloved exerts a ton and control over most of the characters, affecting nearly every part of their lives, their ability to live in peace, their ability to love one another, and to move on with theirRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison906 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesGothic Literature normally, if not always, has a haunting. In Ã¢â‚¬Å"BelovedÃ¢â‚¬ by Toni Morrison there is a haunting of 124. 124 is being haunted by SetheÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s daughter who is the character Beloved. The haunts in Gothic Literature can also be a non-physical haunting, a haunting in the head. Sethe has not been haunted by Beloved physically, but mentally. The bond that a mother has for a child is so tight and loving. There is no real way to understand this bond unless someone has personally been a mother. The

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Black Boy Essay Example For Students

Black Boy Essay Growing up as a Negro in the South in the early 1900s is not that easy, for some people tend to suffer different forms of oppression. In this case, it happens in the autobiography called Black Boy written by Richard Wright. The novel is set in the early part of the 1900s, somewhere in deep Jim Crow South. Richard Wright, who is obviously the main character, is also the protagonist. The antagonist is no one person in particular, for it takes many different forms called Ã¢â‚¬Å"oppressionÃ¢â‚¬ in general. The main character over comes this Ã¢â‚¬Å"oppressionÃ¢â‚¬ by rebelling against the common roles of the black, Jim Crow society. Richard Wrights character was affected in early childhood by the effects of societal oppression, but he became a great American author despite these negative factors in his life. Today everyone encounters some form of oppression. One of the forms Richard is encountering is called societal oppression. As an example, after Richard sees a Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ boy whipped by a Ã¢â‚¬Å"whiteÃ¢â‚¬ man, he asks his mother why did the incident happen. His mother says, Ã¢â‚¬ The Ã¢â‚¬Å"whiteÃ¢â‚¬ man did not whip the Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ boyHe beat the Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ boy, Ã¢â‚¬Å"(31). This quote is showing racism, which is one way of society keeping Richard Wright, and all other blacks in the South down. Another example is when is at the rail road station with his mother, and as they are waiting for the train, he sees something he has never seen, Ã¢â‚¬Å"for the first time I noticed that there were two lines of people at the ticket window, a Ã¢â‚¬Å"whiteÃ¢â‚¬ line and a Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ line,Ã¢â‚¬ (55). This excerpt is demonstrating how this scene of Jim Crow laws is keeping a certain group of people apart, which is also another form of societal oppression. Societal oppression occurs again when Richard is Ã¢â‚¬Å"hangingÃ¢â‚¬ out with his friends, and their conversation with each other leads on to the subject of war. One of his friends really get into the subject and says, Ã¢â‚¬ Yeah, they send you to war, make you lick them Germans, teach you how to fight and when you come back they scared of you, Ã¢â‚¬Å"(90). This quote means that the Ã¢â‚¬Å"whiteÃ¢â‚¬ people put the Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ people on the front line to defend our country, and when they come back, they can not accept them, therefore they oppress them in different ways, which is societal oppression. The last example happens when Richard wants to borrow a library card, and so he thinks about asking his boss. After thinking about it for a while, he knew he could not ask him, for he knows the boss is a Caucasian Baptist, and Richard thinks that he would not be able to accept the fact of a Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ boy, such as Richard, would want to read and cultivate his intelligence. This would be considered societal oppression, for he knows his boss does not want Richard to be enlightened with books, in turn keeping Richard away from the light of knowledge. These are examples of societal oppression that Richard Wright overcomes and rises to the top on his own. Internalized oppression is a hard thing to overcome. One of the ways Richard Wright is confronted with internalized oppression is when he sees a Ã¢â‚¬Å"blackÃ¢â‚¬ boy being beaten by a Ã¢â‚¬Å"whiteÃ¢â‚¬ man, so he automatically thinks that the Ã¢â‚¬Å"whiteÃ¢â‚¬ man is the boys father. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Did not all fathers, like my father, have the right to beat their children A paternal right was the only right, to my understandingÃ¢â‚¬ (31). This excerpt is showing internalized oppression, for he thinks it is okay for a parent to abuse their child, in turn having the child think that beating a child is okay, and only a parent can do the beating, which is completely wrong. .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 , .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .postImageUrl , .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 , .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:hover , .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:visited , .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:active { border:0!important; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:active , .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6 .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc89c084fd084c4303e70d92d1a1e68d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In response to C.S. Lewis" The Screwtape Letters EssayAnother case of internalized oppression occurs when Richard says a bad word, and then his Aunt Jody lectures him by saying, Ã¢â‚¬ Richard, you are a very bad, bad boy, Ã¢â‚¬Å"(108). Later in the passage, he also says that he does not care that he is a Ã¢â‚¬Å"bad boy. Ã¢â‚¬ That states that Richard believes that he is a bad person, which means he is experiencing internalized oppression. Later in the novel, after Richard read some books, he then wants to use the words he has learned as weapons, but he could not, because by him using the words it frightened him. This is internalized oppression, for Richard thinks of the words as something sacred only white people can use. If he did use the words, he feels as though he may get into trouble. Later in the novel, Richard tries to identify himself with a book, but he feels guilty when he does so. Therefore he acts in way so the whites will not dislike him. It is an internal oppression, for he is keeping himself down by not physically expressing his feelings that he has received from the books he has read. All of the above, are examples of which later in the novel, Richard Wright conquers are of internalized oppression. The way Richard Wright overcomes this abstract oppression is reflected upon his personality, which helps him become that great American author. One of the examples to prove this true, occurs when it was Richards first day of school. Ã¢â‚¬Å"During that noon hour I learned all the four-letter words describing physiological sex functions, and discovered that I had know them beforeA tall black boy recited a long, funny piece of doggerel, replete with filth, describing the physiological relations between men and women, and I memorized it word for word after having heard it but once, Ã¢â‚¬Å"(32). This quote is showing how smart and quick-to-learn Richard is, which is a part of his personality and ability to understand. Another example happens when his Uncle Tom is about to whip Richard, so he shows the razors to his uncle. In a low voice Richard says, Ã¢â‚¬ If you touch me, Ill cut you! Maybe Ill get cut too, but Ill cut you, so help me God, Ã¢â‚¬Å"(175). This passage is revealing that Richard is rebellious by standing up for himself and confronting his uncle for something he did not do. Further on, when Richard is confronted with the fact that white people like Negroes who stole from them, than to know their own true self-worth. Richard is thinking, Ã¢â‚¬Å"But I, who stole nothing, who wanted to look them straight in the face, who wanted to talk and act like a man, inspired fear in them,Ã¢â‚¬ (219). This passage is demonstrating how bold and brave Richard is, for he wants to stand up for himself against a white man who looked down on him. Later in the novel, Richard is pondering on what he should do in his life. He knows he can not stay in the South and willingly be kicked as Shorty had done. He would rather die, then do what Shorty has already submitted to. This is showing how much strength and pride Richard has. These are all examples of Richard Wrights character, that has helped him become the great author that he is. Societal oppression and internalized oppression has affected Richard Wright in his early childhood years. The negative factors he has overcame throughout his life, has contributed to his rise as a great American author. One of the many themes, in the novel is if you follow what you feel is wrong, then you may not be able to rise to the top. In Ã¢â‚¬Å"Black Boy,Ã¢â‚¬ Richard Wright did just the opposite. .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 , .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .postImageUrl , .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 , .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:hover , .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:visited , .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:active { border:0!important; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:active , .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9 .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76ea21ca29124b7d5f24fe707b9b15c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Our staging of Blood Brothers EssayInstead of submitting, like everyone else, to the low life, Jim Crow laws were intended for, he has risen above those who already has submitted. Another universal theme is that if you believe that you can achieve in anything, most likely you will achieve in many things in life. In the novel at first, Richard did not believe he can do anything to improve his life. Once he started to believe he can do things on his own, he moved out of the South to become that great American author. These are the themes in the novel Black Boy, that can be used for everyday life, universally.

Saturday, April 18, 2020

Karl Marx Essays (1954 words) - Karl Marx, Anti-capitalism, Marxism

Karl Marx Karl Marx Karl Marx was the greatest thinker and philosopher of his time. His views on life and the social structure of his time revolutionized the way in which people think. He created an opportunity for the lower class to rise Above the aristocrats and failed due to the creation of the middle class. Despite this failure, he was still a great political leader and set the Basis of Communism in Russia. His life contributed to the way people think Today, and because of him people are more open to suggestion and are Quicker to create ideas on political issues. Karl Heinrich Marx was born May 5th, 1818 in Trier. Although he had three other siblings, all sisters, he was the favorite child to his father, Heinrich. His mother, a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg, had no interest in Karl's intellectual side during his life. His father was a Jewish lawyer, and before his death in 1838, converted his family to Christianity to preserve his job with the Prussian state. When Heinrich's mother died, he no longer felt he had an obligation to his religion, thus helping him in the decision in turning to Christianity. Karl's childhood was a happy and carefree one. His parents had a good relationship and it help set Karl in the right direction." His 'Splendid natural gifts' awakened in his father the hope that they would One day be used in the service of humanity, whilst his mother declared him to be a child of fortune in whose hands everything would go well. (The story of his life, Mehring, page 2) In High school, Karl stood out among the crowd. When asked to write a report on "How to choose a profession" he took a different approach. He took the angle in which most interested him, by saying that there was no way to choose a profession, but because of circumstances one is placed in an occupation. A person with an aristocratic background is more likely to have a higher role in society as opposed to someone from a much poorer background. While at Bonn at the age of eighteen he got engaged to Jenny Von Westphalen, daughter of the upperclassmen Ludwig Von Westphalen. She was the childhood friend of Marx's oldest sister, Sophie. The engagement was a secret one, meaning they got engaged without asking permission of Jenny's parents. Heinrich Marx was uneasy about this but before long the consent was given. Karl's school life other than his marks is unknown. He never spoke of his friends as a youth, and no one has ever came to speak of him through his life. He left high school in August of 1835 to go on to the University of Bonn in the fall of the same year to study law. His father wanted him to be a lawyer much like himself but when Karl's reckless university life was getting in the way after a year Heinrich transferred him to Berlin. Also, he did not go to most lectures, and showed little interest in what was to be learned. Karl's reckless ways were not tolerated at Berlin, a more conservative college without the mischievous ways of the other universities. While at Berlin, Marx became part of the group known as the Yong Hegelians. The group was organized in part due to the philosophy teacher Hegel that taught from 1818 to his death. The teachings of Hegel shaped the way the school thought towards most things. Those who studied Hegel and his ideals were known as the Young Hegelians. Hegel spoke of the development and evolution of the mind and of ideas. Although Karl was younger than most in the group, he was recognized for his intellectual ability and became the focus of the group. While at Berlin "He came to believe that all the various sciences and philosophies were part of one overarching, which, when completed, which would give a true and total picture of the universe and man." (Communist Manifesto, Marx (Francis B. Randal), page 15) Marx was an atheist, and believed that science and philosophy would prove everything. Thus he had no belief in a god of any type. Marx believed that Hegel must have been an atheist as well because of his strong belief in the mind. Marx's doctoral thesis was competed in 1841. It carried the title "The Difference Between the Philosophies of Nature of Democrtius and Epicurus."(The Making of Marx's Critical Theory, Oakley, page 11) It had to do with the Greek philosopher Epicurus and how his beliefs related to Marx's of that day.

Saturday, March 14, 2020

The Mysterious Tunguska Explosion of 1908

The Mysterious Tunguska Explosion of 1908 At 7:14 a.m. on June 30, 1908, a giant explosion shook central Siberia. Witnesses close to the event described seeing a fireball in the sky, as bright and hot as another sun. Millions of trees fell and the ground shook. Although a number of scientists investigated, it is still a mystery as to what caused the explosion. The Blast The explosion is estimated to have created the effects of a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, causing buildings to shake, windows to break, and people to be knocked off their feet even at 40 miles away. The blast, centered in a desolate and forested area near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Russia, is estimated to have been a thousand times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The explosion leveled an estimated 80 million trees over an 830 square-mile area in a radial pattern from the blast zone. Dust from the explosion hovered over Europe, reflecting light that was bright enough for Londoners to read at night by it. While many animals were killed in the blast, including hundreds of local reindeer, it is believed that no humans lost their lives in the blast.Ã‚ Examining the Blast Area The blast zones remote location and the intrusion of worldly affairs (World War I and the Russian Revolution) meant that it wasnt until 1927 19 years after the event that the first scientific expedition was able to examine the blast area. Assuming that the blast had been caused by a falling meteor, the expedition expected to find a huge crater as well as pieces of the meteorite. They found neither. Later expeditions were also unable to find credible evidence to prove the blast was caused by a falling meteor. Cause Of the Explosion In the decades since this huge explosion, scientists and others have attempted to explain the cause of the mysterious Tunguska Event. The most commonly accepted scientific explanation is that either a meteor or a comet entered the Earths atmosphere and exploded a couple of miles above the ground (this explains the lack of impact crater). To cause such a large blast, some scientists determined that the meteor would have weighed around 220 million pounds (110,000 tons) and traveled approximately 33,500 miles per hour before disintegrating. Other scientists say that the meteor would have been much larger, while still others say much smaller. Additional explanations have ranged from the possible to the ludicrous, including a natural gas leak escaped from the ground and exploded, a UFO spaceship crashed, the effects of a meteor destroyed by a UFOs laser in an attempt to save Earth, a black hole that touched Earth, and an explosion caused by scientific tests done by Nikola Tesla. Still a Mystery Over a hundred years later, the Tunguska Event remains a mystery and its causes continue to be debated. The possibility that the blast was caused by a comet or meteor entering the Earths atmosphere creates additional worry. If one meteor could cause this much damage, then there is a serious possibility that in the future, a similar meteor could enter Earths atmosphere and rather than landing in remote Siberia, land on a populated area. The result would be catastrophic.

Thursday, February 27, 2020

The effect of a new drug on blood pressure. Testing Research Paper

The effect of a new drug on blood pressure. Testing - Research Paper Example Another reason for using the t-test is because a t-test is normally used when the standard deviation of the population is unknown. In this case we do not know our population. The t-test is also used when the purpose of the study is determining whether there is statistically significant difference between two independent sample groups. In this case the drug and the blood pressure are two independent variables. The z-test is not applicable in this case because it is normally used when the null and alternative hypothesis are stated (Tanner, 2016). In our case the two are not stated. The ANOVA on the other hand is normally used when carrying out a test using three or more variables (Tanner, 2016). In our case, we only have two variables. What would your choice of test depend on? For the test you select, explain your design and your comparison groups. Choosing the type of test to use in a particular study depends on: the type of the variables used either continuous or categorical, the number of variables to use in the particular study either one variables, two variables or three or more variables, the normality, how the variables are normally distributed and the nature of the variables, are they dependent or independent variables. The design in this case will be the number of patients to use in the study. Small number of patients will result in an inaccurate result and using a large number of patients will be risky to their health and lead to waste of resources. One should therefore use not so small neither not so large number of patients.

Monday, February 10, 2020

The Features Of Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Features Of Immigration - Essay Example Legalization of the permits held by American immigrants would increase their wages. This has a multiplier effect on the entire economy and would result in an overall increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) by over 1.5 trillion dollars over the next decade. These increased amounts would result in greater employment levels, greater demand, exports, and output. Overall it would translate to better living standards for all the American people. On the other hand, mass deportations as proposed by some people would result in a decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by almost double this figure. This translates to about 2.05 trillion dollars over one decade. The difference between the two scenarios is over 3.5 trillion dollars. This clearly shows that immigrants positively benefit the American economy. Fighting an economic reality is not only a difficult endeavor, but it is also an endeavor whose chances of success are very slim. Americans are trying to fight an economic crisis oc casioned by mismanagement of their economy. The economy was brought to its knees through a misdirection of tax funds and a poor regulatory environment. Money that should be used at home in supporting new investments to increase employment is instead directed to wars that are not beneficial to the American people. The financial sector that triggered the collapse of the economy had prospered for many years under insufficient laws and regulations. In short, the prosperity was just a bubble that would eventually burst sooner or later. Rather than blame our problems on immigrants, it would be better to focus on the real issues. Such an approach will help us move forward and avoid similar problems in future. The truth is that immigrants do not violently rob Americans of their jobs. Rather than resort to empty rhetoric about their being in America and how it equals to fewer jobs for Americans, the question should be why they are in employment in the first place and not the Americans. As the poem So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans puts it, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do they come on horses with rifles, and say, Ese gringo, gimmee

Friday, January 31, 2020

Control being over business by government Essay Example for Free

Control being over business by government Essay What are the arguments for and against, greater control being exercised over business by government? How do these arguments differ between the countries of the group members? We would like to start the answer by an example of USA when they were heavily involved in the industrialization and expansion. People of all different occupations were involved in some part of the industrial revolution. However there was a debate over the government intervening in the building of infrastructure. Chief Justice John Marshall made many landmark court decisions which played a role in defining the business climate that developed during the industrial revolution and strengthened the central governments control over the business. Thus finally the government was involved in the early stages of the industrial revolution. The governments decision of this era laid the ground work of the future U.S. growth of the nation. Without these pro-business decisions, the United states would not have made the change from being agriculturally dependent to the industrialized nation it is today. [www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/myessay21.htm] Hence it sounds better in some situation and it doesnt in some. For example in China, local governments stand passively by as private firms aggressively reject long-standing official right because the government officials in south China are increasingly anxious to shed their responsibility for economic management. Also they fear the risks and dangers associated with the more complete market system that has emerged during the 1990s. As a result, Chinas southern provinces have already begun the process of separating government from business, while, in the north, leading officials emphasize the slogan separate government from enterprises but, fearing slow growth, practice the opposite. [www.pitt.edu/~tgrawski/paper98/china.html] To what extent do you think a change of government in a) UK would affect the business community? b) the countries of group members? It can have a great impact on businesses in UK or in other countries like India, China etc. For example: Regulatory systems can be improved to provide faster access to exploration land and clarification of aboriginal disputes, taxes such as corporate taxes, income taxes etc can be reduced, Business leaders can hope for a complete overhaul of the resource-rich provinces economic structure, Economic growth can be affected by change in government, it is expected that the new government can come up with creative solutions on how to reduce government indebtedness during its term, the new government will aim to solve deficit of balance of payments by boosting production through attracting direct foreign investments, also new government can change the manufacturing scenario in the country like instead of importing products, they can plan to manufacture in their own land which will indirectly reduce the unemployment in the manufacturing field. Also it can provide grant to those regions in which unemployment is high. [http://www.rba.hr/web/pdf/rrr/rba-rrr-012-2003-12-18.pdf] What are the implications of privatising a public sector business organisations? With privatization programs still active in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a growing debate on effects on economic development. To address such issues the representatives of privatization agencies of different nations established the African Privatization Network (APN) in November 1995. APN aims at promoting the concept of privatization and encouraging its implementation in African countries by sharing legislation and other relevant documentation; studying the nature and scope of privatization in each country according to its special circumstances and needs; and monitoring the process of privatization in Africa, identifying problems and obstacles and offering advice where required. The positive view of privatization suggests that it went ahead, in spite of domestic opposition, because politicians and bureaucrats perceived real benefits to themselves and their supporters. They could influence the sales to their own benefit, while, on the other hand, a more focused public sector improved service delivery. A well functioning private sector is essential for increasing economic growth and thus reducing poverty. Yet international development institutions recommend sophisticated policies to improve the business environment that governments in developing countries cannot successfully implement. The result is often a worsening of private sector performance. The promotion, support, financing, marketing and management of small and medium sized enterprises and industries is the core business of any privatisation programme. [ http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/130679/]

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in AristotleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Politi

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in AristotleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Politics In his discussions of constitutions and cities in Politics, Aristotle makes it very clear that his top priority is to provide people with the opportunity to pursue and achieve the good life. An integral part of this is the stability of the constitution. Although Aristotle explicitly states that a kingship is the best system of rule for any given generation, its lack of stability from one generation to the next disqualifies it from being the best in reality. In his attempts to find a constitution with stability, Aristotle comes to the decision that the middle class would be the ruler of such a constitution. This, he says, will minimize the corruption that can easily take place within the rich or the poor, and will ensure lasting stability. In order to enable the middle class to take a role of power, Aristotle allows them to obtain wealth, and more specifically private propertyÃ¢â‚¬â€a huge diversion from the opinion of AristotleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mentor, Plato put forth in th e Republic. Towards the beginning of AristotleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s discussion about the different constitutions, he makes the claim that in certain situations, a kingship is the most virtuous of all types of government. Ã¢â‚¬Å"There may, however, be a particular sort of society in which absolute kingship ought to be instituted. This is the sort of society in which one family, or person, is of merit so outstanding as to surpass all the other membersÃ¢â‚¬ ¦there should be absolute kingshipÃ¢â‚¬ (III.17). When Aristotle speaks about Ã¢â‚¬Å"virtue,Ã¢â‚¬ describes a constitution as Ã¢â‚¬Å"good,Ã¢â‚¬ or issues any other form of praise, he is almost always speaking about the ability of the constitution to provide its citizens with t... ...a luxury but a necessity for the stability of the just city, and the pursuit of the good life. AristotleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s arguments for the rule of the middle class and the existence of private property are very convincing. He successfully shows that a government, which best allows its citizens to live the good life must necessarily be stable. To achieve that stability, those who rule should be chosen because of their ability to maintain control when other classes challenge them, and for their reluctance to corrupt and start ruling for their own self-interest. The middle class was the obvious choiceÃ¢â‚¬â€the poor and rich could never unite to mount an effective challenge. In order for the middle class to have the potential to rule, wealth, luxury, and specifically property must be allowed. AristotleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s arguments for all of these things are solidly grounded and correct.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Key Success Factors Ã¢â‚¬ Organizational Culture Essay

In this assignment we introduce the idea that the organizational culture is the personality of an organization which can be defined, measured, sustained and changed and have an important impact on an organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s effectiveness. We want to define organizational culture as it is presented by two theorists, indicate levels of expressions of culture in an organization, and provide specific strategies or tools to modify organizational culture. We know that every individual has something that psychologists have termed Ã¢â‚¬Å"personalityÃ¢â‚¬ . An individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality is made up of a set of relatively permanent and stable traits. When we describe someone as innovative, relaxed, warm or conservative, we are describing personality traits. An organization, too, has a personality, which we call the organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s culture. Organizational culture is an important situational variable that influence all members of an organization to various degrees, so it is important to have a sound understanding of this construct to manage and work effectively in an organization. In this paper project we want to define organizational culture as it is presented by two theorists, indicate levels of expressions of culture in an organization, and provide specific strategies or tools to modify organizational culture. Chapter IDefinitions of Organizational CultureWe will present how Schein defines organizational culture in Ã¢â‚¬Å"Organizational culture and leadershipÃ¢â‚¬ (1992) as it is presented by Yukl in Ã¢â‚¬Å"Leadership in OrganizationsÃ¢â‚¬ (1998) and OttÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s definition of the organizational culture in Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Organizational Culture PerspectiveÃ¢â‚¬ (1989) as it is presented by Lawson and Shen in Ã¢â‚¬Å"Organizational PsychologyÃ¢â‚¬ (1998). ScheinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s definition of organizational cultureSchein (1992) defines culture of a group or organization as shared assumptions and beliefs about the word and their place in it, the nature of time and space, human nature, and humanÃ‚ relationships. Schein distinguishes between underlying beliefs (which may be unconscious) and espoused values, which may or not be consistent with these beliefs. Espoused values do not accurately reflect the culture when they are inconsistent with underlying beliefs. For example, a company may espouse open communication, but the underlying belief may be that any criticism or disagreement is detrimental and should be avoided. It is difficult to dig beneath the superficial layer of espoused values to discover the underlying beliefs and assumptions, some of which may be unconscious (Yukl,1998). The underlying beliefs representing the culture of a group or organization are learned responses to problems of survival in the external environment and problems of internal integration. Schein say that the primary external problems are the core mission or reason for existence of the organization, concrete objectives based on this mission, strategies for attainting these objectives, and ways to measures success in attaining objectives (Yukl, 1998). All organizations need to solve problems of internal integration as well as problem of external adaptation. Objectives and strategies cannot be achieved effectively without cooperative effort and reasonable stability of membership in the organization. Internal problems include the criteria for determining membership in the organization, the basis for determining status and power, criteria and procedures of allocating rewards and punishments, an ideology to explain unpredictable and uncontrollable events, rules or customs about how to handle aggression and intimacy and a shared consensus about the meaning of words and symbols. The beliefs that develop about these issues serve as the basis for role expectation to guide behavior, let people know what is proper and improper and help people maintain comfortable relationship with each other (Yukl, 1998). Robbins (1994) and others sustain too that the shared values determine in large degree what employees see and how they respond to theirÃ‚ world (Robbins,1990; Robbins, 1994; Stoner and Freeman, 1992)When confronted with a problem the organizational culture restricts what employees can do by suggesting the correct way Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Ã¢â‚¬Å"the way we do things around hereÃ¢â‚¬ (Bower,1966) Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to conceptualize, define, analyze, and solve the problem (Robbins, 1994). We believe that the internal and external problems are closely interconnected and organizations must deal with them simultaneously. In conclusion, Schein (1992) defines the organizational culture as shared assumptions and beliefs about the world and their place in it, the nature of time and space, human nature, and human relationships. Organizational culture have distinct dimensions that can be defined and measured. This is important to know in order to develop and use change strategies of the culture. OttÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s definition of the organizational cultureOn the other hand Ott (1989), in Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Organizational Culture PerspectiveÃ¢â‚¬ describe organizational culture as a social constructed, unseen, and unobservable force behind organizational activities. Organizational culture is a social energy that moves organizational members to act and unifying theme that provides meaning and direction to and mobilizes the members. It functions as an organizational control mechanism, informally approving or prohibiting behaviors (Lawson and Shen, 1998). In short, organizational culture is a hypothetical construct that must be inferred from the share thoughts, feelings, values, and actions of organizational members. Last, Ott suggested that organizational culture is a concept, construct, energy, idea, rather than a thing that can be directly observed, measured and manipulated. But we do not agree that the organizational culture is just a concept, energy, idea and can not be observed, measured or manipulated because then we can not discuss about managing and changing the organizational culture.Ã‚ If culture exists, and we argue that it does, it should have distinct dimensions that can be defined, measured, and changed. I n Ã¢â‚¬Å"Organization Theory Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Structure, Design and ApplicationsÃ¢â‚¬ Robbins (1990), propose that there are ten characteristics that when mixed and matched tap the essence of an organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s culture:1. Individual initiative, which is the degree of responsibility, freedom, and independence that individuals have. 2. Risk tolerance. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk-seeking. 3. Direction. The degree to which the organization creates clear objectives and performance expectations. 4. Integration. The degree to which units within the organization are encouraged to operate in a coordinated manner. 5. Management support. The degree to which managers provide clear communication, assistance, and support to their subordinates. 6. Control. The number of rules and regulations, and the amount of direct supervision that are used to oversees and control employee behavior. 7. Identity. The degree to which members identify with the organization as a whole rather than with their particular work group. 8. Reward system. The degree to which reward allocation are based on employee performance criteria in contrast to seniority, favoritism and so on. 9. Conflict tolerance. The degree to which employees are encouraged to air conflicts and criticisms openly. 10. Communication patterns. The degree to which organizational communications are restricted to the formal hierarchy of authority. These ten characteristics include both structural and behavioral dimensions which means that organizational cultures are not just reflections of their membersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ attitudes and personalities. A large part of an organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s culture can be directly traced to structurally related variables (Robbins, 1990). John P. Kotter in Ã¢â‚¬Å"Leading ChangeÃ¢â‚¬ (1996) sustain that culture refers to norms of behavior and shared values among a group of people. Kotter(1996) says too that culture is not something that you manipulate easily but it is possible to make the transformation. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The first step in a major transformation is to alter the norms and values.Ã¢â‚¬ (Kotter, p.156,1996,). He sustain that cultures changes only after you have successfully altered peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s actions, after the new behavior produces some group benefit for a period of time, and after people see the connection between the new action and the performance improvement. In conclusion, organizational culture is not just a concept, construct, idea, energy, ghost which can not be seen or measured but it is a system of shared meanings with a certain structural and behavioral dimensions that are closely associated and interdependent. In every organization there are patterns of beliefs, symbols, rituals, myths and practices that have evolved over time. These in turn create common understanding among members as to what the organization is and how its members should behave. Organizational culture refers to norms of behavior and shared values among the people items which can be changed to increase the performance of an organization. Chapter II Levels of expression of organizational cultureAccording to Schein (1992) organizational culture is discernible at three different levels: artifacts, values and basic assumptions. ArtifactsIt is widely agreed that the most readily observable but least exact expression of the shared meanings of the culture are represented by artifacts. Artifacts include things and the arrangement of things in an organization, as well as observable behaviors captured by organizational stories and ceremonies, rites and rituals (habitual activities rooted in values and basic assumptions like weekly or monthly departmental meetings or presentations), and norms (unwritten rules for appropriate and inappropriate behaviors). Artifacts of a culture are quickly detected but the share meaning is the key for appreciating and becoming deeply aware of the organizational culture. Values Values, defined by Schein (1992) as someoneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s sense of what ought to be, as distinct from what is, represent the second level of organizational culture. Shared values are important concerns and goals shared by most people in a group that tend to shape group behavior and that often persist over time even when group membership changes (Kotter, 1996). The basic issue at this level of organizational culture is the membersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ determination of what works or is successful for a given organizational problem. Values can be both espoused and enacted; however, adults pay the greatest attention to enacted or operationalized values and are more inclined to modify their own values in response to them than to values that are solely expressed or espoused (Lawson and Shen, 1998). The validity of a given value is determined by testing the preferred solution against physical or social realities. For example, out of many comparable manufacturing processes, one is selected or valued because it yields the most durable product or particular activities are performed in particular ways because the feel right or are accepted by a large majority of organizational members as the right thing to do. Hence, what works and what members agree works becomes the anvil against which values are hammered out for a particular organizational culture. Basic assumptionsAccording to Schein (1992) when the initial preferences for organizational problem solving continue to be successful, organizational members increasingly take the originally tentative solutions for granted and come to believe that their selected solutions actually reflect reality because they have continued to be successful. If a solution works repeatedly, it must be true, and any doubt about its efficacy is eliminated from the minds of the members and eventually from the cultural mind of the organization. For example, if the members of an organization share the beliefs that they must first and foremost learn to harmonize human actions and desires with the elements of the world, such as clean air, water, open spaces, and respect for vegetation and other living creatures it is most likely that they will be working for a Ã¢â‚¬Å"green organizationÃ¢â‚¬ . As the members act on their fundamental beliefs and the organization succeeds, grows, and prospers, the fundamental beliefs are taken for granted and simply acted on without further reflection or regard. According to Schein (1992) when these fundamental beliefs are shared, taken for granted and nondebatable, they become the basic assumptions of the culture. Changing basic assumptions is an anxiety-provoking and difficult process that involves double-loop organizational learning or basically changing the important things you have done and still do, rather than single loop learning which involves getting more efficient at what you now do (Lawson and Shen,1998). In conclusion to this chapter we have understood that there are several level of expression in the organizational culture like artifacts, values and basic assumptions which can be determined analyzed and changed. Artifacts are observable behaviors but least exact expression of the shared meanings of the culture; values represent important concerns and goals shared by most people in a group that tend to shape group behavior and also we have the basic assumptions which are the fundamental beliefs shared by all the members about the organization which are very difficult to change, but itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s possible to do this. Chapter III Cultural Change StrategiesOrganizational learning and organizational culture are intimately linked to each other, and this linkageÃ‚ provides the bases for instituting organizational cultural change. A number of different changes are possible, including elimination of existing cultural forms that symbolizes the old ideology, modification of existing cultural forms to express the new ideology, and creation of new cultural forms (Yukl, 1998). ScheinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s change strategyScheinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s (1992) leader-centered change strategy is perhaps the most fully articulated. It is a strategy that involves a clinical relationship between outside consultants and informed and cooperative insiders whose primary joint task is to identify and then change the basic assumptions of the organizational culture primarily by changing either the leadersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ assumptions or changing the leaders. The external or outside consultant has the distinct advantage of independence and transience (Wallace and Hall1996). As an outsider, the external consultant is independent of the organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s hierarchy and status system. Detached financially, socially, and emotionally from the consulteeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s system. The outside consultant is in a position to be more objective in the assessment and diagnostic stages of the consultation process, and is free to offer new perspectives and paradigms for action. We consider that the outside consultant itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s very important to have in a change process from the organization. Schein (1992) identified specific primary strategies that can be applied to change an organizational culture. All these strategies focus on the formal (and informal) organizational leader or leadership team and include for example: what leaders pay attention to, measure, and control; how leaders react to critical incidents and organizational crisis; observed criteria by which leaders allocate scarce resources; deliberate role modeling, teaching, and coaching; observed criteria by which leaders recruit, select, promote, retire, and excommunicate organizational members. Schein (1992) also identified secondary strategies and reinforcement mechanism to change organizational culture that include modifyingÃ‚ organizational rites, rituals, and stories; structuring reward system to promote change; and revising formal statements, such as the organizational mission statement (what we do), vision statements (what we aspire to be), value statements and recruitment materials. ScheinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s cultural change process focuses primarily on the leader or leadership team and involves the external consultant working closely with organizational insiders who are committed to organizational change and have sufficient influence to an impact on many members of the organization. Lawson and Shen Cultural Change StrategyLawson and Shen cultural change strategy combines features of different approaches that, in one way or the other involve changing norms, or unspoken rules of behavior, reward systems and organizational rites or organized and planned activities that have both practical and consequences (Lawson and Shen, 1998). Basically, there are three phases to these cultural change strategy: assessment; construction and implementation of cultural and learning change projects and organizational outcome measures and project modifications. Lawson and Shen (1998) recognize too the importance of the external consultant in the changing process of the organizational culture. Phase 1, assessment, involves three steps: identifying the client, increasing cultural awareness and establishing baselines. In the first step the external consultant focuses on identifying the organizational processes of motivational systems, leadership, decision making, conflict resolution, and individual Ã¢â‚¬â€œ organizational change as the client for the change program, rather than a particular individual, group, or unit. It is important to indicate that these organizational processes will change only if individual members who give life to them change their shared and unifying patterns of thoughts, feelings, values, and actions about the critical issues in the organization. Phase one also involves increasing cultural awareness by assembling as many of the documents that serve as a preliminary directory of an organizational culture. To obtain information about organizational stories, jokes,Ã‚ ceremonies and rituals; information from external persons or organization that interact regularly with the target organization. And establishing cultural baselines by creating a document that describes the current organizational culture. From the assessment document, the leadership, committed organizational members and the change consultant can identify the cultural baselines and focal processes around which the consultant can build cultural change projects. Phase 2, construction and implementation of cultural and learning change projects, is the action phase. Once the draft mission statement is completed, the consultant expect some suggestions for revision and discuss the document to give everyone an opportunity to participate in the process. The external consultant expect suggestions from the internal consultant or from the manager of the organization. The internal consultant is aware of the existence of sensitive records and data; through experience the inside consultant has prior knowledge of the organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s history, social structure, power structure, communication channels, politics, and local customs and beliefs in the organizational community. In addition, it is important to have a good collaboration between the external consultant and the internal consultant because the insider has command of the organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s language Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the jargon (favorite terms and phrases unique to the organization) which is very important to make an implementation of cultural and learning change (Wallace and Hall, 1996). Here it is appropriate to establish some learning experiments in which a current process that supports the new mission statement is described and root causes of problems and barriers to change are identified and then to start implementing a change in a given process while monitoring changes in performance. Last it is important to initiate or reinforce an existing rite of enhancement. Phase 3, organizational outcomes measures and project modifications, includes a synthesis and interpretation of performance or outcome measures for allÃ‚ cultural change projects and then decision about what modification of existing cultural change project are required and established as the way to do things in the organization. It is critical to provide systematic feedback to members so they become aware of their individual and collective sense of efficacy (capacities to execute specific patterns of actions), identify the extent of resistance to change and help to identify barriers to change in the organizational culture (Lawson and Shen, 1998) . Cultural transformation requires time and if the leadership is not prepared for a sustained campaign then the focus will be lost and the transformation effort will dwindle and die. A good collaboration between the external consultant and the leadership of the organization is required for the success of the changing process which may take a couple of good years. Kotter (1994) affirm too that culture changes only after you have successfully altered peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s actions, after the new behavior produces some group benefit for a period of time, and after people see the connection between the new actions and the performance improvement. In conclusion to this chapter we have understood that a number of different changes are possible to make in an organizational culture, including elimination of existing cultural forms that symbolizes the old ideology, and creation of new cultural forms in the organizational culture to save an organization and to make it if profitable and more efficient. We indicate that both cultural change strategies are worthy to be followed considering that both accept the importance of an external organizational psychologist consultant who is working closely with the internal consultant / manager and is promoting change strategy that involves the leadership team and change strategy for the other members of the organization by creating reinforcement mechanisms to modify organizational rites, rituals, to promote an holistic change in the organization. ConclusionsIn conclusion to this paper project it is essential to remember that organizational culture is a situational variable that influences, toÃ‚ various degree, all members of an organization. We have learned that organizational culture is the unifying and shared pattern of thoughts, feelings, values, and actions that serve to bind together organizational members and distinguish them from nonmembers. Organizational learning and organizational culture are linked to each other and this provides the bases for instituting organizational cultural change. We have seen two specify change strategies and the steps to implementate them which can be applied in a wide variety of organizations. We have understood that a solid understanding of organizational culture minimizes the unnecessary expenditure of attention and emotions regarding what, how, when and why to think, value, feel, and act in the workplace. REFERENCES _____Yukl, G. (1998). Leadership in Organizations. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall_____ Kotter, P. John, (1996). Leading Change, Boston: Harvard Business School Press_____Lawson, R.B., Shen, Z. (1998). Organizational Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press_____Robbins, P. Stephen, (1990). Organization Theory Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Structure, Design, and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall_____ Robbins, P. Stephen, (1994). Management -fourth edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall_____Stoner, A. James, Freeman, R. Edward, (1992). Management. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall_____Wallace, A. William, Hall, L. Donald (1996). Psychological Consultation Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Perspective and Applications. Pacific Grove, C.A.: Brooks / Cole Publishing Companycopyright Ã‚ © Sorin Balogh